* *
* This class only support exponents for the base SI units in the range -64 to
* +63. Any operation which produces an exponent outside of this range will
* result in a Unit object with undefined exponents.
*
* @version $Revision: 1.15 $
*/
/*
* This local class maintains the information about units. It can calculate new
* units when two values are multiplied, divided, added or subtracted.
The * unit works with the 7 basic SI types + rad + up to 2^6 custom types. For each * type, the unit keeps a bit mask with the exponents of the basic types. Eg. * m/s is m = 1, s = -1. Multiplying one unit with another means that the bit * masks are added, dividing means that the bit masks are subtracted.
This * class can handle any reasonable combination of SI units. However, it will * always try to coerce results back into the basic set. E.g. when you do V*A * you should get W and not m2.kg/s3 . Only when the existing types do not match * does the unit fallback to the expanded form.
This class uses offset * arithmetic. This means that the exponents are stored in an long. The special * field is used for units that should not be arithmetically divided or * multiplied, like longitude and lattitude. These special units can however, be * divided and multiplied by the basic 7 constants of the SI, e.g. deg/s. */ public class Unit { private final static long UNITY = createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0); private final static long ZERO = 0x40L; private final static long MASK = 0x7fL; private final static int m_SHIFT = 0; private final static int s_SHIFT = 7; private final static int kg_SHIFT = 14; private final static int K_SHIFT = 21; private final static int A_SHIFT = 28; private final static int mol_SHIFT = 35; private final static int cd_SHIFT = 42; private final static int rad_SHIFT = 49; private final static int x_SHIFT = 56; private final static long x_MASK = MASK << x_SHIFT; /** No Unit (Unity) */ public final static Unit unity = new Unit("", UNITY); // Unity /* SI Base Units */ /** The length unit meter (m) */ public final static Unit m = new Unit("m", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)); // Distance // meter /** The time unit second (s) */ public final static Unit s = new Unit("s", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0)); // Time // Seconds // s /** The mass unit kilogram (kg) */ public final static Unit kg = new Unit("kg", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)); // Mass // kilogram // kg /** The temperature unit kelvin (K) */ public final static Unit K = new Unit("K", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)); // Temperature // kelvin // K /** The electric current unit ampere (A) */ public final static Unit A = new Unit("A", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)); // Current // ampere // A /** The amount of substance unit mole (mol) */ public final static Unit mol = new Unit("mol", createType(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)); // Substance // mole // mol /** The luminous intensity unit candela (cd) */ public final static Unit cd = new Unit("cd", createType(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)); // Light // candela // cd /* SI Derived Units */ /** The speed unit meter per second (m/s) */ public final static Unit m_s = new Unit("m/s", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1)); // Speed // m/s /** The acceleration unit meter per second squared (m/s 2 ) */ public final static Unit m_s2 = new Unit("m/s2", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -2, 1)); // Acceleration // m/s^2 /** The area unit square meter(m 2 ) */ public final static Unit m2 = new Unit("m2", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2)); // Surface // m^2 /** The volume unit cubic meter (m 3 ) */ public final static Unit m3 = new Unit("m3", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3)); // Volume // m^3 /** * The frequency unit hertz (Hz). *
* hertz is expressed in SI units as 1/s */ public final static Unit Hz = new Unit("Hz", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0)); // Frequency // 1/s /** * The force unit newton (N). *
* N is expressed in SI units as m·kg/s 2 */ public final static Unit N = new Unit("N", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -2, 1)); // Force // newton // (m*kg)/s^2 /** * The pressure unit pascal (Pa). *
* Pa is equal to N/m 2 or is expressed in SI units as * kg/m·s 2 */ public final static Unit Pa = new Unit("Pa", createType(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -2, -1)); // Pressure // pascal // kg/(m*s^2) /** * The energy unit joule (J). *
* joule is equal to N·m or is expressed in SI units as m 2
* ·kg/s 2
*/
public final static Unit J = new Unit("J", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 1, -2, 2)); // Energy
// joule
// (m^2*kg)/s^2
/**
* The power unit watt (W).
*
* watt is equal to J/s or is expressed in SI units as m 2
* ·kg/s 3
*/
public final static Unit W = new Unit("W", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 1, -3, 2)); // Power
// watt
// (m^2*kg)/s^3
/**
* The electric charge unit coulomb (C).
*
* coulomb is expressed in SI units as s·A
*/
public final static Unit C = new Unit("C", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0)); // Charge
// coulumb
// s*A
/**
* The electric potential difference unit volt (V).
*
* volt is equal to W/A or is expressed in SI units as m 2
* ·kg/s 3 ·A
*/
public final static Unit V = new Unit("V", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, -1, 0, 1, -3, 2)); // El.
// Potent.
// volt
// (m^2*kg)/(s^3*A)
/**
* The capacitance unit farad (F).
*
* farad is equal to C/V or is expressed in SI units as s 4
* ·A 2 /m 2 ·kg
*/
public final static Unit F = new Unit("F", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, 2, 0, -1, 4, -2)); // Capacitance
// farad
// (s^4*A^2)/(m^2*kg)
/**
* The electric resistance unit ohm.
*
* ohm is equal to V/A or is expressed in SI units as m 2
* ·kg/s 3 ·A 2
*/
public final static Unit Ohm = new Unit("Ohm", createType(0, 0,
0, 0, -2, 0, 1, -3, 2)); // Resistance
// ohm
// (m^2*kg)/(s^3*A^2)
/**
* The electric conductance unit siemens (S).
*
* siemens is equal to A/V or is expressed in SI units as s 3
* ·A 2 /m 2 ·kg
*/
public final static Unit S = new Unit("S", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, 2, 0, -1, 3, -2)); // Conductance
// siemens
// (s^3*A^2)/(m^2*kg)
/**
* The magnetic flux unit weber (Wb).
*
* weber is equal to V·s or is expressed in SI units as m 2
* ·kg/s 2 ·A
*/
public final static Unit Wb = new Unit("Wb", createType(0, 0,
0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -2, 2)); // Magn.
// Flux
// weber
// (m^2*kg)/(s^2*A)
/**
* The magnetic flux density unit tesla (T).
*
* tesla is equal to Wb/m 2 or is expressed in SI units as kg/s
* 2 ·A
*/
public final static Unit T = new Unit("T", createType(0, 0, 0,
0, -1, 0, 1, -2, 0)); // Magn.
// Flux
// Dens.
// tesla
// kg/(s^2*A)
/**
* The illuminance unit lux (lx).
*
* lux is expressed in SI units as cd/m 2
*/
public final static Unit lx = new Unit("lx", createType(0, 0,
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -2)); // Illuminace
// lux
// cd/m^2
/**
* The absorbed dose unit gray (Gy).
*
* Gy is equal to J/kg or is expressed in SI units as m 2 /s
* 2
*/
public final static Unit Gy = new Unit("Gy", createType(0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -2, 2)); // Absorbed
// dose
// gray
// m^2/s^2
/**
* The catalytic activity unit katal (kat).
*
* katal is expressed in SI units as mol/s
*/
public final static Unit kat = new Unit("kat", createType(0, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0)); // Catalytic
// Act.
// katal
// mol/s
/** The angle unit radians (rad) */
public final static Unit rad = new Unit("rad", createType(0, 1,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)); // Angle
// radians
// rad
/**
* An array containing all units defined. The first seven items must be m,
* s, kg, K, A, mol, cd, rad in this order!
*/
private final static Unit[] allUnits = new Unit[] {m, s, kg, K, A, mol,
cd, rad, m_s, m_s2, m2, m3, Hz, N, Pa, J, W, C, V, F, Ohm, S, Wb,
T, lx, Gy, kat, unity };
private static Hashtable base;
private String name;
private long type;
/**
* Creates a new Unit instance.
*
* @param name the name of the Unit
* @param type the type of the Unit
*/
private Unit(String name, long type) {
this.name = name;
this.type = type;
//System.out.println( name + " " + Long.toHexString( type ) );
}
/**
* Create a type field from the base SI unit exponent values.
*
*/
private static long createType(int x, int rad, int cd, int mol, int A,
int K, int kg, int s, int m) {
return (((ZERO + m) & MASK) << m_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + s) & MASK) << s_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + kg) & MASK) << kg_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + K) & MASK) << K_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + A) & MASK) << A_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + mol) & MASK) << mol_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + cd) & MASK) << cd_SHIFT)
| (((ZERO + rad) & MASK) << rad_SHIFT)
| (((long) x) << x_SHIFT);
}
/**
* Checks whether this Unit object is equal to the specified
* Unit object. The Unit objects are considered equal
* if their exponents are equal.
*
* @param obj the Unit object that should be checked for equality
*
* @return true if the specified Unit object is equal to this
* Unit object.
*/
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (!(obj instanceof Unit)) {
return false;
}
return ((Unit) obj).type == type;
}
/**
* Returns the hash code for this object.
*
* @return This object's hash code.
*/
public int hashCode() {
return (int) ((type >>> 32) ^ type);
}
/**
* Returns a new Unit that is the multiplication of this
* Unit and the Unit specified
*
* @param that the Unit that will be multiplied with this
* Unit
*
* @return a new Unit that is the multiplication of this
* Unit and the Unit specified
*
* @throws RuntimeException if both Unit s are special
*
* @see Unit#isSpecial
*/
Unit mul(Unit that) {
if (this.isSpecial() && that.isSpecial()) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot multiply " + this + " with "
+ that);
}
return find(this.type - UNITY + that.type);
}
/**
* Returns a new Unit that is the division of this Unit
* and the Unit specified
*
* @param that the Unit that this Unit will be divided
* with
* @return a new Unit that is the division of this Unit
* and the Unit specified
*
* @throws RuntimeException if both Unit s are special
*
* @see Unit#isSpecial
*/
Unit div(Unit that) {
if (this.isSpecial() && that.isSpecial()) {
if (this.type == that.type) {
return Unit.unity;
}
throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot divide " + this + " by "
+ that);
}
return find(this.type - that.type + UNITY);
}
/**
* Returns a new Unit that is the addition of this Unit
* and the Unit specified.
*
* @param that the Unit that should be added to this
* Unit
*
* @return a new Unit that is the addition of this Unit
* and the Unit specified.
*
* @throws RuntimeException if the two Unit s are not the same
*/
Unit add(Unit that) {
if (!this.equals(that)) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot add " + this + " to " + that);
}
return this;
}
/**
* Returns a new Unit that is the subtraction between this
* Unit and the Unit specified.
*
* @param that the Unit that will be subtracted from this
* Unit
* @return a new Unit that is the subtraction between this
* Unit and the Unit specified.
*
* @throws RuntimeException if the Unit specified is not the same
* as this Unit
*/
Unit sub(Unit that) {
if (!this.equals(that)) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot subtract " + that + " from "
+ this);
}
return this;
}
/**
* Finds a Unit based on a type. If the Unit is not
* found, it will be created and added to the list of all units under a null
* name.
*
* @param type the type of the Unit to find
*
* @return the Unit
*/
static Unit find(long type) {
if (base == null) {
synchronized (Unit.class) {
if (base == null) {
int size = allUnits.length;
base = new Hashtable(size << 1);
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
base.put(allUnits[i], allUnits[i]);
}
}
}
}
Unit unit = new Unit(null, type);
Unit out = (Unit) base.get(unit);
if (out == null) {
base.put(unit, unit);
out = unit;
}
return out;
}
/**
* Returns a String object representing the Unit
*
* @return A String object representing the Unit
*/
public String toString() {
if (name == null) {
int m = (int) (((type >> m_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int s = (int) (((type >> s_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int kg = (int) (((type >> kg_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int K = (int) (((type >> K_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int A = (int) (((type >> A_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int mol = (int) (((type >> mol_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int cd = (int) (((type >> cd_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
int rad = (int) (((type >> rad_SHIFT) & MASK) - ZERO);
StringBuffer numerator = new StringBuffer();
StringBuffer denominator = new StringBuffer();
addSIname(m, "m", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(s, "s", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(kg, "kg", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(K, "K", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(A, "A", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(mol, "mol", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(cd, "cd", numerator, denominator);
addSIname(rad, "rad", numerator, denominator);
if (denominator.length() > 0) {
if (numerator.length() == 0) {
numerator.append("1");
}
numerator.append("/");
numerator.append((Object) denominator); /*
* we use (Object) to
* avoid using new 1.4
* method
* append(StringBuffer)
*/
}
name = numerator.toString();
}
return name;
}
private void addSIname(int si, String name, StringBuffer numerator,
StringBuffer denominator) {
if (si != 0) {
StringBuffer sb = (si > 0) ? numerator : denominator;
if (sb.length() > 0) {
sb.append("*");
}
sb.append(name);
int power = Math.abs(si);
if (power > 1) {
sb.append("^");
sb.append(power);
}
}
}
/**
* Checks whether the unit has a special type, i.e. not a SI unit.
*
* @return true if the type is special, otherwise false.
*/
private boolean isSpecial() {
return (type & x_MASK) != 0;
}
}